| Content Note | List of photographs
1 – 2) ‘Citadella Sept 1923’ – Panoramic exterior view of the medieval walls of Cittadella, Italy
3) ‘Giavera B.C.’ – View taken from outside Giavera British Cemetery, showing entrance steps and gates with Cross of Sacrifice in the background
4) ‘Caltrano’ – View of the town of Caltrano with mountains in the background
5) ‘Savona C.C.’ – General view of Savona Communal Cemetery, showing headstones and the Cross of Sacrifice, with mountains in the background
6-9) ‘Views on the Coast Road Riviera’ – various views taken from the Riviera coast road.
10) ‘Rosa Lyalli La Mortola Sept 1923’ – Close-up view of flowers at La Mortola
11-12) ‘The bottom of the Garden La Mortola’ – Panoramic view of a rocky shoreline
13-16) ‘Bordighera C.C.E. Sept 1923’ – general views of Bordighera British Cemetery
17) ‘The Gate Sirmione’ – View of the gate and castle at Sirmione with a man standing in the foreground
18) ‘Verona The Tombs of the Scaligeri’ – Close-up exterior view showing the tombs of the Scaliger family (former rulers of Verona during 13th-14th century)
19) ‘Genova C.C. (1922)’ – Close-up view of headstones in Staglieno Cemetery, Genoa, with Cross of Sacrifice in the background
20) ‘Tomb of Romeo & Juliet Verona (1922)’ - View showing exterior of the tomb of Romeo and Juliet in Verona
21-22) ‘Taranto C.C.E. Sept 1923’ – two views of Taranto Communal Cemetery Extension, showing headstones, Cross of Sacrifice and pergola
23) ‘Brindisi C.C.’ – Close-up view of headstones in Brindisi Communal Cemetery, Italy
24) ‘Brindisi - an Old Gate Tower’ – Exterior view of a medieval gate-tower at Brindisi, Italy
25) ‘Between Taranto & Brindisi from train Sept 1923’ – View of landscape between Taranto and Brindisi taken from inside a train
26) ‘Ponte Castello Vecchio Verona’ – View showing the Castelvecchio and the bridge over the river in Verona, Italy
27) ‘Pinus Pinaster near River Vienoza’ – View showing a Pinus Pinaster (Maritime Pine or Cluster Pine) tree with a church in the background
28-32) ‘Vicenza 1923’ – five views of Vicenza, showing streets, buildings and people
33) ‘Grand Canal’ – View looking over the Grand Canal in Venice showing buildings and boats, 1923.
34) ‘From the entrance to Poli’s glass shop’ – View of a narrow canal in Venice showing a gondola passing beneath a bridge, 1923.
35) ‘S.W. Corner St. Mark’s’ – View of south-west corner of St. Mark’s Basilica, Venice, 1923.
36) ‘West Front’ – Wide view of the west front side of St. Mark’s Basilica, Venice, 1923.
37) ‘Palace’ – Exterior view of the Palazzo Ducale, Venice with several people standing in the foreground, 1923.
38) ‘West Front?’ – Close-up view of the exterior of the entrance of a building in Venice, May 1924.
39) ‘Santa Maria della Salute’ – View of Santa Maria della Salute in Venice across canal with gondolas in the foreground, May 1924.
40) St. Anthony Padova – view of the front of the Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua, with two children standing in front, May 1924.
41) ‘Ponte Rialto Venice’ – Close-up view of the Ponte Rialto in Venice, May 1924
42) ‘?? Heavy rain?’ – view of a defensive fortification and wall of an unknown building in Venice, with a number of people sitting or standing under a wooden structure, and a man moving a two wheeled cart, May 1924
43-44) ‘La Mortola’ – General view of gardens at La Mortola, 1924.
‘Bordighera C.C.E.’ – photo missing
45) ‘La Mortola’ – General view looking up steps in gardens at La Mortola, 1924.
46) ‘Brit Civilian Plot Bordighera’ –view of British civilian plot in Bordighera Communal Cemetery Extension, 1924.
47) ‘Bordighera C.C.E.’ – General view showing wooden crosses in Bordighera British Cemetery, 1925.
48) ‘Near Gallio’ – General view of mountain near Gallio
49) ‘Monte Pau’ – View looking over to road winding around mountains at Monte Pau
50-53) ‘Duomo Milano May 1924’ – four views overlooking the roof of Milan Cathedral
54-55) ‘Pinnacles on the Duomo Milano May 1924’ – two close-up views of the pinnacles and sculpture of Milan Cathedral
56) ‘Castle of the Dukes of Ferrara’ – Exterior view of the Castle of the Dukes of Ferrara, showing tower
57) ‘San Vitale Ravenna 532 AD’ – Exterior view of the Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna
58) ‘Marostica’ – General view looking down a street in Marostica, Italy
59) ‘Castle Ferrara’ – General view of the Castle Ferrara, September 1924.
60) ‘The Po’ – General view overlooking the River Po with a boat and railway bridge in the background, September 1924.
61) ‘Ravenna’ – Exterior view of a building in Ravenna, September 1924.
62) ‘Ravenna’ – Exterior close-up view of a church in Ravenna, September 1924.
63) ‘San Zeno, Verona’ – Close-up view of a lion sculpture outside the church of San Zeno in Verona
64) ‘San Zeno Verona’ – View of man standing outside the entrance of the church of San Zeno, Verona
65) ‘Giavera B.C.’ – View showing the Stone of Remembrance in Giavera British Cemetery
66) ‘Giavera B.C’ – Close-up view of three headstones in Giavera British Cemetery with more visible in the background.
67) ‘Memmo + Caelia, Giavera’ – Count Memmo (interpreter to the IWGC in Italy) and a woman named Caelia, sat at a table beneath a pergola in Giavera
68) ‘The Pergola’ – View showing a pergola in Taranto Communal Cemetery Extension, Italy, September 1924.
69) ‘Bougainvilles glabia / Clematis caprifolia’ – Close up view of a Bougainvilles glabia (lesser bougainvillea or paperflower)plant and a Clematis caprifolia plant on a wall in Taranto Communal Cemetery Extension, September 1924.
70) ‘Ipomoea’ – Close up view of an Ipomoea plant on a wall in Taranto Communal Cemetery Extension, September 1924.
71) No caption – General view of headstones in Taranto Communal Cemetery Extension, annotated to show ‘Ficus repens’ (climbing fig) plants in the foreground, September 1924.
72) No caption- General view of planting in Taranto Communal Cemetery Extension, with headstones and buildings in the background, September 1924.
73-76) Montecchio Precalcino British Cemetery Sept 1924– four views of Montecchio Precalcino Communal Cemetery Extension, with headstones, entrance, steps, shelter building and horticultural planting all visible.
77) ‘The gang’ – Group photo of 12 men standing by a motor bus, assumed to be Italian IWGC gardeners.
78) ‘Pete’ – Close up of a man standing in front of a motor bus.
79) ‘Angelo Lazzioni’ – View of a man standing on a rocky slope
80-83) ‘Digging Berberis sanguinea from the hillside above Magnaboschi Asiago Sept 1924’ – four views showing men working on the hillsides above Magnaboschi British Cemetery
84) ‘On the hill above Magnaboschi’ – General view of rocky landscape on the hill above Magnaboschi
85-88) ‘Opening of the 7th Divisional Memorial Maserada Italy 24 Sept 1924’ – four photographs of the unveiling ceremony, with crowds of people in attendance.
89) ’Church of San Paolo Ultra Muori Rome’ – Exterior view of the Church of San Paolo Ultra Muori, Rome
90) ‘Interior St. Paolo’ – Interior view of the Church of San Paolo Ultra Muori, Rome
91) ‘Ponte Ceste (of Horatius)’ – View showing Ponte Ceste bridge (ruined) over the River Tiber
92) ‘Rome C.C.’ – Close-up view of headstones in Rome (Testaccio) Protestant Cemetery
93) ‘From the Palace of the Caesars’ – View of ancient ruins taken from the Palace of the Caesars, Palatine Hill, Rome, September 1924.
94) ‘From the Forum’ – View of the Coliseum taken from the Forum, Rome, September 1924.
95) ‘Arch of Septimius Severus’ - Close-up of archway of Septimius Severus, Rome, September 1924.
96) ‘Ponte Ceste (of Horatius)’ – Remains of bridge over River Tiber (Ponte Ceste), Rome, September 1924.
97) ‘The Tiber an old bridge’ – View showing an old bridge over the River Tiber, September 1924.
98) ‘Arch of Septimius Severus’ – View showing the arch of Septimius Severus, Rome, September 1924.
99) ‘Part of Rome’ – View overlooking the cityscape of Rome, September 1924.
100-102) ‘The Temple of Castor & Pollux, The Forum’ – three views of the ruins of the Temple of Casor and Pollux in the Roman Forum, Rome.
103) ‘From an embrasure in the Palace overlooking the Forum Rome. Sept 1924’ – View overlooking the Forum in Rome
104) ‘Forum Trajanum, Trajan’s Column (Full of cats)’ – general view of Trajan’s Column in Rome
105-106) ‘Parts of the Palace of the Caesars Rome May 1925’ – two photographs taken from inside the Palace of the Caesars in Rome
107-109) ‘Old houses in St Jean du Maurienne Savoie May 1925’ – three street scenes in Saint-Jean-du-Maurienne, France
110) ‘Mouth of the Mt. Canis Tunnel May 1925’ – View overlooking houses in the Mt. Canis pass with mountains in the background
111) ‘Near Modane’ – view of large snow-capped mountain in background, with two stone forts in the foreground, annotated ‘Modern French Fort’ and ‘Old Italian border fortress’.
112-113) ‘Ancient Italian fortress on the border nr. Modane Savoie’ – two views showing the ruins of an ancient Italian fortress on the border near Modane Savoie
114-116) ‘Views in the Gorge below Modane MAY 1925’ – three views overlooking a gorge with a waterfall running into the stream below
117) ‘Marostica May 1925’ – General view of people walking and cycling through a street in Marostica, with buildings and medieval ramparts in the background
118) ‘Giavera May 1925.’ – General view taken from outside the entrance of Giavera British Cemetery, showing the steps, the entrance gate, and the Cross of Sacrifice
119) ‘The kitchen hearth at the Osteria at Giavera May 1925’ – Close-up view of a hearth inside a kitchen in Giavera
120) ‘Memmo and Hilda’ – Count Memmo sitting at a dinner table with a woman named Hilda underneath a pergola
120) ‘Memmo & Hilda looking into the Gorge between Caltrano & Campiello May 1925’ – View of Memmo and Hilda facing away from the camera towards the gorge between Caltrano and Campiello
121) ‘Taranto Pittosporums’ – Close-up view of Cross of Sacrifice in Taranto Town Cemetery Extension, with pittosporum shrubs.
122) ‘Taranto’ – View of a shrub in the foreground and a pergola on the left in the background in Taranto Town Cemetery Extension
123) ‘Taranto’ – View taken from beneath a pergola in Taranto Town Cemetery Extension
124) ‘Bougainvillea glabra’ – Close-up of a Bougainvillea glabra (lesser bougainvillea or paperflower) plant growing against a wall
125-128) ‘Montecchio Precalcino May 1925’ – four views of Montecchio Precalcino Communal Cemetery Extension, showing headstones and plants.
129) ‘Tezze B.C. Dueville?’ – General view of Dueville Communal Cemetery, showing headstones on the left and the Cross of Sacrifice on the right, with trees in the background
130) ‘Giavera B.C.’ – View taken from outside wall at Giavera British Cemetery, showing central path with headstones and Stone of Remembrance in the background
131) ‘Dueville B.C.’ – General view overlooking Dueville Communal Cemetery, showing headstones in the foreground and Cross of Sacrifice on the left
132) ‘The Forum Rome’ – View overlooking the ruins of the Forum in Rome, with more Roman ruins and other buildings in the background, May 1925.
133) ‘Victor Immanuel Memorial Rome’ – General view of people walking around in front of the Victor Immanuel Memorial in Rome, May 1925.
134-138) ‘St Paolo without the Walls, Rome, May 1925, 499 ft x 200 ft. Built by Theodosius AD 380’ – five views of various features inside the Basilica of St Paul Outside the Walls, Rome, labelled ‘North Transept St Paolo Rome’, ‘North Aisle’, ‘Nave 280ft x 78ft’, ‘North Aisle’, ‘Central Panel of Roof of Nave’
139-141) ‘Sudfriedhof C.C., Cologne, Aug 1925’ – three general views of Cologne Southern Cemetery (two labelled, perhaps incorrectly as ‘North Transept’ and ‘North Aisle’
142) ‘The Bay of Naples with Vesuvius May 1925’ – View showing the Bay of Naples with the silhouette of Mount Vesuvius visible in the background
143) ‘Hamburg’ – View looking down the centre of a pathway with high trimmed trees either side
144) ‘Ohlsdorf C.C. Hamburg’ – General view of wooden crosses in Ohlsdorf Communal Cemetery (now Hamburg Cemetery), with a group of people standing in the background working on the base of the Cross of Sacrifice, August 1925.
145) ‘Ohlsdorf Cem Hamburg’ – Close-up of people working on the construction of the Cross of Sacrifice in Hamburg Cemetery, with wooden crosses in the background, August 1925.
146) ‘Hamburg’ – View looking down a pathway with high trimmed trees either side and a white statue in the background, August 1925.
147) ‘Box & Yew topiary work Hamburg’ – View of box hedge work in Hamburg Cemetery, August 1925.
148) ‘Entrance to Stahnsdorf Cem, Berlin, Aug 1925’ – View of entrance to Stahnsdorf Cemetery, Berlin (now Berlin South-Western) Cemetery), showing trees and a railway track running into the background
149) No caption – Close-up view of a tree trunk with headstones to the right
150) No caption- General view of a group of headstones in an overgrown cemetery (possibly Niederzwehren)
151) ‘Niederzwehren’ – Two gardeners at work clearing overgrown grass in Niederzwehren Cemetery, Kassel, Germany
152-156) ‘Views along the line from Bale to the St. Gothard, taken from train window, 1926’ – five views of mountain scenery in the Swiss Alps, taken from a train window
157) ‘Lake Geneva from Railway’ – View overlooking Lake Geneva taken from inside a railway carriage
158-160) ‘Views along the line near St. Gothard taken from train window’ – three views of scenery taken from moving train
161-165) ‘St Marks Venice 1926’ – five views of St Marks Church, Venice, one annotated ‘Marbles on the S. W. Corner’, and with note ‘Founded early in 9th century’
166) ‘Marble interior St Marks’ – View showing the marble interior of St. Mark’s Church, Venice
167) ‘Mosaics St Marks’ – Close-up view of mosaics inside St. Mark’s Church, Venice
168) No caption – Close-up view of mosaic work around an archway inside St. Mark’s Church, Venice
169) ‘Shrine in S.E. St Marks, 1926’ – View showing shrine inside St. Mark’s Church, Venice
170) ‘Courtyard Ducal Palace’ – General view of people wandering around the courtyard of the Ducal Palace in Venice, 1926.
171) ‘Ponte Rialto’ – View taken on the canal of the Ponte Rialto, Venice with houses either side and a group of boats on the right, 1926.
172) ‘On the Grand Canal’ – Close-up view of the exterior of a building facing onto the Grand Canal in Venice, 1926.
173) ‘Adam + Eve Corner Ducal Palace’ – Close-up view of the Adam and Eve Corner on the exterior of the Ducal Palace, Venice, 1926.
174) ‘Ca’ d’or’ – View of the Ca’ d’Oro palace with a canal and gondolas in the foreground, 1926.
175-179) ‘Among the canals, Venice, 1926’ – five general views of the canals in Venice.
180) ‘Venice’ – General view of the exterior of a glass and mosaic shop on the canal in Venice
181) ‘Grand Canal Venice’ – General view of buildings facing on to the Grand Canal in Venice with a bridge and several boats in the background on the right
182) ‘Palace of the Caesars Temple of Castor & Pollux Rome 1925’ – View showing the Roman ruins of the Palace of the Caesars and the Temple of Castor and Pollux in Rome
183-184) ‘Barenthal B.C. 1926’ – views of cemetery walls and headstones at Barenthal Military Cemetery
185) ‘Arch of Titus and Colosseum Rome’ – General view showing the Arch of Titus with the Colosseum in the background
186-187) ‘The Courtyard St Peters Rome’ – two views showing the fountain in the centre of the courtyard of St Peter’s Basilica in Rome
188-189) ‘The Colosseum Rome, 1926 Site 620ft x 512 ft Arena’ – panoramic view of the Colosseum, comprised of two images.
190-193) ‘Interior of Colosseum Rome. Showing holes from which bronze dowels and ornaments were removed. They were melted down to form the spiral pillars and catafalque at St Peters’ – four views of the interior of the Colosseum.
194-195) ‘Interior of Colosseum’ – two views of the interior of the Colosseum
196) ‘Arch of Constantine’ – view of the Arch of Constantine in Rome
197) No caption – General view of a former Roman street in the ruins of Pompeii
198) No caption – General view showing the remains of buildings and columns in the ruins of Pompeii
199) ‘Temple of Jupiter’ – General view of the remains of the Temple of Jupiter at Pompeii
200) No caption – Remains of the interior walls of a building in the Roman ruins of Pompeii
201) ‘Stepping stones and street crossing’ – View of stepping stones and a street crossing in the Roman ruins of Pompeii
202) No caption – View showing the remains of a Roman courtyard in Pompeii
203) No caption – View of a Roman mosaic on a wall inside a building
204) No caption – View of Roman courtyard with man in suit and hat standing near a pillar.
205) No caption – Close-up view of a street sign for a brothel in the Roman ruins at Pompeii
206) No caption – General view showing the remains of Roman ovens in the ruins of Pompeii
207) ‘British Plot Hamburg C.C.’ – General view of the British war graves plot in Hamburg Cemetery, showing rows of permanent headstones and the Cross of Sacrifice in the background
208) ‘Hamburg’ – General view of a street in Hamburg with the spire of St. Peter’s Church visible in the background
209) ‘Hambusch’(?) – View of a marketplace in Hamburg with stalls and people and buildings in the background, and a man walking in the foreground. A large tower is also visible.
210) ‘Botanical Gardens 1926’ – General view of the moat in the botanical gardens of Hamburg surrounded by shrubs and trees
211) ‘Hamburg’ – View showing rows of houses and boats on a canal, with the spire of St. Catherine’s Church visible in the background
212-213) ‘Post War Graves Suedfriedhof Cologne 1926’ – view of wooden crosses marking post war graves in Cologne Southern Cemetery, with trees in the background
214) No caption – General view of Cologne Southern Cemetery showing rows of permanent headstones on left and right with pathway running down the middle towards the entrance and shelter buildings in the background
215) ‘Cassel’ – view of a large building in Kassel, Germany
216-217) ‘Cassel’ – two views of Kassel, Germany, one showing a busy street scene, the other view of buildings and a spire.
218) No caption – General view of the ruins of the medieval church of St Honoratus in Arles, France
219) ‘The Alyscamps Arles 1932’ – General view of the Alyscamps and the medieval church of St Honoratus in Arles, France
220) ‘Interior showing Norman piers built around the early marble columns’ – Interior view of the medieval church of St Honoratus in Arles, France, showing the Norman piers built around earlier marble columns
221) ‘Theatre Arles’ – General view showing the ruins of the Gallo-Roman theatre with the Church of Saint Triomphe in the background
222) ‘Theatre Arles’ – General view of the ruined columns and steps of the Gallo-Roman theatre at Arles, France
223-226) ‘Amphitheatre Arles 1932’ – four views of the Arles amphitheatre, mainly showing internal arches.
227) ‘St Trophime, the Cloisters Arles’ – Exterior view of the cloisters and tower of the Church of St Triomphe, Arles, France, 1932.
228) ‘Balcony leading to the Vestry St. Trophime’ – View of the steps up to the balcony leading to the Vestry in the Church of St. Triomphe, 1932.
229) ‘The Cloisters’ – View of the courtyard and cloisters of the Church of St Triomphe, 1932.
230) ‘Interior cloisters’ – Interior view of the cloisters of the Church of St Triomphe, 1932.
231-235) ‘Details – The Cloisters St Trophime Arles 1932’ – five views of the cloisters of the Church of St Triomphe
236-237) ‘La Maison, Carre, Nimes’ – two views of La Maison Carrée, Nimes, France, 1932.
238) ‘Fragment of frieze Nimes’ – Close-up view of a fragment of a Roman frieze in Nimes, France, 1932.
239) ‘Tour Magne Nimes’ – View showing the remains of the Tour Magne (Great Tower), Nimes, surrounded by trees, 1932.
240) ‘Arena Nimes’ – Exterior view of the Roman arena in Nimes
241) No caption – Close-up of an archway within the Roman arena, Nimes
242) ‘Arena Nimes’ – Interior view of the Roman arena in Nimes
243) ‘Pont du Gard 1932’ – General view showing the Pont du Gard, a Roman aqueduct over the Gardon River in France
244) ‘Lower pier Pont du Gard’ – Close-up view of a lower pier of the Pont du Gard, 1932.
245) ‘Pier – Second range’ – Close-up view of a pier in the second range of the Pont du Gard, 1932.
246) ‘Pier - Second Range’ – General view of a pier in the second range of the Pont du Gard, 1932.
247) ‘The flume – Pont du Gard. Toppers removed’ - Close-up view of the flume of the Pont du Gard.
248) ‘Interior of flume. Toppers removed in places’ – Close-up view looking through the interior of the flume.
249) ‘Southern end of flume showing laminations (?) of sediment adhering to the walls.’’ – Close-up view of the flume at the southern end.
250) ‘Nimes – Castellum divisorium’ – View showing the Roman ruins of the castellum divisorium (water reservoir) of the Pont du Gard aqueduct at Nimes.
251-252) ‘The Ramparts’ – two views of the ramparts at Avignon, France, 1932.
253-254) ‘The Papal Palace’ – two views of the Papal Palace, Avignon, France, 1932.
255-256) ‘Views of the Papal palace Buildings from the narrow streets on the North side’ – two close-up views of the Papal Palace Buildings in Avignon, France, taken from surrounding streets.
257) ‘Halfway up’ – View of exterior of the Papal Palace Buildings, Avignon.
258) ‘From the interior’ – View of Papal Palace Building, Avignon, taken from its interior
259) ‘Porch of church. Avignon – first century’ – Exterior view of the porch of a 1st Century church in Avignon.
260) ‘Tour Neuville les Avignon’ – Exterior general view of a fortified tower (‘Tour’) in Neuville les Avignon, France
261-262) ‘Fort de St Andre Villeneuve les Avignon’ – panoramic view of the entrance and ramparts of the Fort de St Andre (Fort of St Andrew), Avignon, comprising of two photographs
263) No caption – General exterior view of a large ruined building, possibly a monastery or a fort in France
264) No caption – General view showing a low wall and a large ruined building with ramparts, somewhere in France
265) No caption – View taken outside of a building with cloisters, showing a courtyard planted with shrubs
266) No caption – View taken inside a building with cloisters, showing a dog resting on the floor
267) No caption – Close-up view of details on an unidentified building with cloisters and arches
268-271) ‘Ste Maries 1932’ – four views of various buildings in Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, including the fortified church and town walls.
272-274) ‘Les Baux 1933’– three views of Les Baux village, set on top of a rocky outcrop.
275-278) ‘Les Baux 1933’ – four views of Les Baux, including ‘View from Summit’ of the surrounding landscape.
279-282) Aigues Mortes 1932’– four views of Aigues-Mortes, including two views of the Tower of Constance, and view over the twon walls, and a close view of brickwork.
283-286) Aigues Mortes 1932 – four views of Aigues-Mortes showing the fortified town walls and gatehouse.
287) ‘One the guardrooms in the Towers along the Walls’ – View taken from inside one of the guardrooms in the towers along the medieval city walls of Aigues-Mortes.
288) No caption – Close-up view of the internal brickwork of the medieval walls of Aigues-Mortes
289) No caption – View looking up through the opening of a machicolation along the walls of Aigues-Mortes
290) ‘Causeway to Tour St Catherine – View looking along the causeway leading to the Tower of St Catharine, Aigues-Mortes
291-292) ‘Fireplace Guardroom in the Tour St Catharine’ - close-up view of a fireplace in a guardroom in the Tower of St Catharine, comprised of two photos.
293) No caption – View of various wreaths and ribbons against a wall, with a tree to the right
294) No caption – Close-up view of three wooden crosses adorned with ribbons
295) No caption – View overlooking the Bay of Naples with the silhouette of Mount Vesuvius in the background (Same image as image no. 143)
296) No caption – Close up view of the backs of Commission headstones in an unidentified cemetery.
297) No caption – View of a pyramidal stone structure with a fortified gatehouse to the right
298) No caption - View of various ribbons and wreaths against a wall
299) No caption – General view of a street in a town (possibly France), with a large building in the background
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